Contrôle et élimination du paludisme

Universal influenza vaccine is proposed and under development. Universal vaccine seems not to be payable for many people in developing countries, (dangerous pandemics usually start at developing countries from bird influenza). Artificial pandemics by infectious attenuated live vaccine are proposed. Ferret nasal mucosa is carcinized using carcinogen for easiness of incubation. Bird influenza virus is attenuated by reverse genetics. The virus is marked by green fluorescent protein. This attenuated virus is sprayed to many cultured cancer cell specimen incubated. In some specimen attenuated virus will mutate to increase in cancer cells, checked by green fluorescence. Then the virus is tested to infect ferret and then human volunteers without serious syndrome. Virus with strongest virus titer to infect ferret is selected as seed virus of infectious attenuated live vaccine. The seed virus will be increased in incubated cancer cells by bioreactors all over the world and sprayed to vulnerable people, e.g. soldiers, students, people in slams, medical staffs and people engaged in lifeline. Artificial pandemics of dangerous virus as H7N9, H5N1 etc. are to be created serially with few years interval. Artificial pandemic should be initiated before wild type pandemic starts. One reason is to avoid reassortment (mixture) of virus RNA and another is to avoid clinical confusion. It should not overlap with influenza season. All inclusive flu immunization is proposed and being worked on. All inclusive antibody appears not to be payable for some individuals in creating nations, (risky pandemics typically start at creating nations from winged animal flu). Fake pandemics by irresistible constricted live immunization are proposed. Ferret nasal mucosa is carcinized utilizing cancer-causing agent for ease of hatching. Winged creature flu infection is weakened by invert hereditary qualities. The infection is set apart by green fluorescent protein. This constricted infection is splashed to many refined malignancy cell example brooded.

In some example weakened infection will transform to increment in malignancy cells, checked by green fluorescence. At that point the infection is tried to taint ferret and afterward human volunteers without genuine condition. Infection with most grounded infection titer to taint ferret is chosen as seed infection of irresistible lessened live antibody. The seed infection will be expanded in hatched malignant growth cells by bioreactors everywhere throughout the world and showered to weak individuals, for example officers, understudies, individuals in pummels, clinical staffs and individuals occupied with help. Fake pandemics of perilous infection as H7N9, H5N1 and so on are to be made sequentially with not many years stretch. Counterfeit pandemic ought to be started before wild sort pandemic beginnings. One explanation is to maintain a strategic distance from reassortment (blend) of infection RNA and another is to keep away from clinical disarray. It ought not to cover with flu season.

Infectious attenuated live influenza vaccine of candidate virus of new influenza pandemic is to be distributed to many people. Artificial pandemic happens as people have no immunity against it. Resultantly, they will obtain basic immunity to the virus. So wild type outbreak of pandemic does not occur. Even if wild type human to human transfer occurs, the scale is of seasonal influenza and number of victims are much less. It should be started as it is ready. If artificial pandemic overlaps with wild type pandemic, reassortation (mixture) of RNA may happen in patients’ cell infected to both of them simultaneously. It should avoid influenza season of winter as well by the same reason. If infection is done intensively, artificial pandemic will be finished within 2 month all over the world (initiate on April or September). It will not increase virulence as 1918 Spanish influenza did during long period of transmission. Especially vulnerable people, e.g., soldiers, students, people in slums, medical staffs, and people engaged in lifelines, policemen, firemen, and officials of politics are to be eagerly infected by spray of live vaccine virus on the nose. As infectious live attenuated vaccine is incubated in nasal mucosal cancer, airborne transmission seems to be dominant and strongly infectious between people. Method to increase infectious attenuated vaccine and to distribute all over the world. Quality of Infectious attenuated live influenza vaccine should be kept assured concerning its infectivity, effectiveness against wild bird influenza, and minimal virulence. If once low quality infectious vaccine were infected to men, it will result pandemic with miserable result.

Bio-surfactants are amphiphilic biological compounds made extracellular or cell membrane part bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi. Bio-surfactants are made up of a hydrophilic moiety, may be acid, peptide, action, anion, mono, di or polysaccharides and a hydrophobic moiety, which may be unsaturated or saturated hydrocarbon chains or fatty acids. Many advantages for bio-surfactants comprise biodegradability, low toxicity, biocompatibility and digestivity, presence of raw materials and specificity. The bio-surfactant production was known by many methods includes, hemolytic activity, oil displacement test emulsification index, surface tension reduction, blue agar plate or CTAB agar plate method, hydrocarbon overlay agar method. There are many medial applications for bio-surfactant which includes antimicrobial activity. Biosurfactants having capacity to be toxic on cell membrane permeability in similar method to detergent effect, anti-cancer activity, the neuronal differentiation in PC 12 cells induced by MEL and get ready the ground work for the use of microbial extracellular glycolipids as novel reagents for cancer cell treatment, antiviral activity, the sophorolipids surfactants produce by C. bombicola having structural analogues such as the sophorolipiddiacetate ethyl ester which is powerful spermicidal and virucidal agent and its virucidal activity similar to nonoxynol-9 against the human semen. Anti-adhesive agents, bio-surfactants having capability for adhesion residing for pathogenic organisms to solid surfaces or infection site, anti-fungal activity, flocculosin is a glycolipid produced by yeast like fungus P. flocculosa having antifungal activity against pathogenic yeasts and human mycoses. Immunological adjuvants, bacterial lipo-peptides when mix with classic antigens having active nontoxic, nonpyrogenic immunological adjuvants. Gene delivery, the liposomes based on bio-surfactants having increasing efficiency for gene transfection than cationic liposomes trading use.

Microbial compounds that possess pronounced surface and emulsifying activities are categorized as biosurfactants. Biosurfactants include a wide range of chemical structures, such as glycolipids, lipopeptides, polysaccharide–protein complexes, phospholipids, fatty acids and neutral lipids. For instance, Cooper and Goldenberg described different bio emulsifiers produced by two Bacillus species in water-soluble substrates with different emulsifying and surface activities. It is, therefore, reasonable to expect different properties and physiological functions for unique groups of biosurfactants. Moreover, these molecules can be tailor-made to suit different applications by modifying the growth substrate or growth conditions. Although most biosurfactants are regarded to be secondary metabolites, some may play crucial roles for the survival of biosurfactants-producing microorganisms through facilitating nutrient transport or microbe–host interactions or by acting as biocide agents. Biosurfactant roles include increasing the surface area and bioavailability of hydrophobic water-insoluble substrates, heavy metal binding, bacterial pathogenesis, and quorum sensing and biofilm formation. Biosurfactants are amphipathic molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties that partition preferentially at the interface between fluid phases that have different polarity and hydrogen bonding, such as oil and water or air and water interfaces. This property elaborates their wide use in environmental applications. Most work on biosurfactant applications has been focused on their use in environmental applications owing to their diversity, environmentally friendly nature, suitability for large-scale production and selectivity. Despite their potential and biological origin only a few studies have been carried out on applications related to the biomedical field. Some biosurfactants are suitable alternatives to synthetic medicines and antimicrobial agents and may be used as safe and effective therapeutic agents

Synthetic surfactants are becoming increasingly unpopular in many areas and applications due to previously disregarded effects on biological systems and this has led to a new focus on replacing such products with biosurfactants that are biodegradable and created from renewal resources. Microbially derived biosurfactants have been investigated in numerous studies in areas including: increasing feed digestibility in an agricultural context, improving seed protection and fertility, plant pathogen control, antimicrobial activity, ant biofilm activity, wound healing and dermatological care, improved oral cavity care, drug delivery systems and anticancer treatments. The development of the potential of biosurfactants has been stopped somewhat by the myriad of steps taken in their investigations, the focus on pathogens as source species and the costs associated with large�scale production. Here, we focus on various microbial sources of biosurfactants and the current trends in terms of agricultural and biomedical applications.

Foodborne illness afflicts people throughout the world. The CDC defines a foodborne disease outbreak as the occurrence of two or more similar illnesses resulting from intake of a common food. Each year, in USA, one in 10 people experiences a foodborne illness, 128,000 are hospitalized, 3,000 die, and 33 million healthy life-years are lost. While few patients with foodborne illness are alive with life-threatening symptoms, there are a number of foodborne infectious diseases and toxins that the emergency physician or other health care provider must consider in the reports of these patients. Given the frequency of international travel, as well as the risk relation with recurrent outbreaks of foodborne illness from commercial food sources, it is important to recognize various syndromes of foodborne illness, including those which may require specific analysis and management steps. Foodborne illness shows a significant public health threat to the United States. The disease is defined as any ailment associated with the ingestion of contaminated food and is most oft en associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, and/or vomiting. Individuals who are aged less than 5 years or more than 60 years or who are immune compromised are at greatest risk for acquiring a foodborne illness. The most common cause of gastroenteritis is Salmonella infection. Annually, nontyphoidal Salmonella causes 1.2 million cases of foodborne illness and 450 deaths. Most Salmonella presence was attributed to seeded vegetables (6.9%), pork (4%), or vegetable row crops (1.7%).

Adults older than 65 years, people with weakened immune systems, and nonbreastfed infants are more likely to have severe infections. Approximately 8% of patients with nontyphoidal salmonellosis will develop bacteremia and require treatment with antibiotics, including ceftriaxone or azithromycin in children and a fluoroquinolone (commonly levofloxacin) or azithromycin in adults. The summer months (peaking in July or August) had the highest percentage of cases. The use of certain medications to reduce stomach acidity can increase the risk of Salmonella infection. The food safety systems in some countries does better consumer protection than others. This situation, combined with differing climates and ecologies, results in the association of different types of foodborne illness with different regions of the world. In a global economy, both people and food travel the world. Clinicians must consider foreign travel as well as the consumption of food from other parts of the world when determining the cause of foodborne disease. The point to decline the incidence of foodborne illness is prevention. Proper food storage, refrigeration, handling, and cooking are vital. Patients should be aware enough to avoid high-risk items such as unpasteurized milk and milk products, as well as raw or undercooked items like oysters, meat, poultry, and eggs. The use of more meals in the home may also decrease the risk of foodborne illness.

CDC defines a foodborne disease outbreak as the occurrence of two or more similar illnesses resulting from ingestion of a common food. The disease is defined as any filament associated with the ingestion of contaminated food and is most often associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea, and/or vomiting. It is important to identify various syndromes of foodborne illness, including those, which may require specific evaluation and management strategies. The food safety systems in some countries afford better consumer protection than others. This situation, combined with differing climates and ecologies, results in the association of different types of foodborne illness with different regions of the world. In a global economy, both people and food travel the world and can offer foodborne morbidity everywhere.

From eating contaminated food, anyone can get food-borninfection, which as case definition, includes specific criteria for person, place, time, and clinical aspects.

• Every country around the world, get medical social and economic sufferings from foodborne illnesses, which became a possible active today medical emergency everywhere.

• The population must be educated for good Hygiene uses, to avoid the illnesses.

• For protecting people from the disease, there is needed tosurvive correct each chain of food production: processing, transportation, handling, and all correct food preparation steps.

• To prevent a Food-born infection, there is necessary to washregular hands and surfaces, as more often possible.

• A useful prevent and control activity in Food born disease, is to put together: epidemiologists, environmental health specialists, laboratory specialists, clinicians, as all other specialists with possible enteric disease outbreak connections and therapy responsibilities.