Journal de la science et de l'ingénierie textiles

The solid state characterization of stereoregular poly vinyl chloride (PVC) prepared by urea clathrate polymerization was carried out in comparison with free radically prepared sample by using various instrumental analyses. The principle of urea clathrate polymerization by inclusion phenomenon was described from a purely experimental point of view. The stereo-chemical difference of the resulting PVC appeared in discoloration, solubility into solvents, IR, DSC, and TG curves. Solid state 13C NMR spectra also clearly indicate the structural difference of this polymer. In FT-IR spectra, particularly, Krimm’s novel results were confirmed in the 700-600 cm-1 region. A new characteristic band (at 2933 cm-1) appeared which was explained in terms of Fermi resonance, the enhanced intermolecular hydrogen bonding in highly ordered syndiotactic sequences. In the dynamic ESR measurements in the solid state, signal intensity of the bulk PVC increased rapidly, which was directly connected with TG curve under the linear heating conditions (~10°C/min).

In the present, the design of ACL is attracting more attention. In this work, three different braided artificial ligaments were manufactured and tested under a cyclic stress to simulate the actual normal conditions. Knee simulator tester was designed to simulate the actual knee movement during the application of load on ACL. A comparison between three different braided artificial ligaments was analyzed after subjecting the ligament to 50,000 cycles using the designed knee tester, and compered with the results obtained on tension-tension fatigue tester. The tensile properties of the samples, after applying cyclic loading, were tested to study the effect of ACL structure design.

Thermophysiological wear comfort concerns with the heat and moisture transport properties of clothing and the way it helps the clothing to maintain the heat balance of the body during various level of activity. Heat and moisture flow through clothing is a complex phenomenon. So, heat and moisture transfer analysis for clothing is an important issue for researchers. This article delves into the processes which are involved in heat and moisture transmission along with mathematical models of heat, liquid and vapour transport through clothing to understand the exact phenomena of heat and moisture transmission. The reported testing methods and parameters used for determining heat and moisture are also summarized in this article. This article also describes the need of heat and moisture transmission in clothing, desired attributes for heat and moisture management and parameters affecting heat and moisture transmission in clothing.

There is an increasing need to provide rural textile dye operations in developing nations with an effective and low-cost method to clean dye wastewater. Such operations often have no choice in the location of their wastewater disposal due to their lack of funds and influence in the industry, resulting in wastewater disposal that is detrimental to environmental safety. Photo-Fenton oxidation, an advanced oxidation process used to degrade low-concentration textile dye wastewater, has shown promise using expensive chemicals in laboratory-scale projects. Aerobic biodegradation, a common biological treatment method used in large-scale low-concentration textile industrial applications, generates large amounts of hazardous biological waste. This paper presents successful decolorization of high-concentration reactive dye wastewater using a wide range of temperatures and solar irradiances in two locations for the first time. To fully degrade dye wastewater, full oxidation times combined with sand and carbon filtration rank more important than different iron surface areas. UV-visible spectrometry, GC/MS, and ICP techniques along with measured COD levels were used to support these findings. This study is expected to provide a low-cost method to clean high concentration dye effluent as it deals with testing sustainable decolorization of textile dye wastewater using photo-Fenton oxidation and sand and carbon filtration in a reactor and the filter that is constructed of recycled rusty metal and locally available sand.

The purpose of the study was to treat silk sutures with natural fungal pigment namely Thermomyces of different concentrations 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5%, and to analyse its effect on the properties of silk sutures such as tenacity, knot strength, friction and antimicrobial activity. The result showed that the pigment concentration in the selected range has no significant effect on friction, tenacity and knot strength of silk sutures. Antimicrobial test results showed that as the pigment concentration increases the antimicrobial activity also increases against both E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. At 2.5% concentration, a zone of inhibition of 10 mm and 14 mm are observed against E. coli and S. aureus respectively. Silk suture treated with optimum concentration of the natural fungal pigment is appropriate to retard the exponential growth of S. aureus, a gram-positive bacterium and E. coli a gram-negative bacterium and hence silk sutures can be developed with the required characteristics for healthcare applications.

In the present investigation cellulose nano whisker is separated from industrial waste viscose rayon fibre, characterized by SEM images and FTIR spectroscopy. The size and size distribution of these nano crystals have also been examined using particle size analyzer; the average size of the particles is found to be 348 nm. The findings support the size and shape of the synthesized nano cellulose particles. These nanoparticles have been applied to polyester fabric by padding technique and manifested the improved physical and thermal properties. The dyeing behaviour of the treated fabrics with direct dye has also been studied and the build-up of dyes, measured as colour strength in terms of K/S values, reported. The higher K/S values are obtained when the cellulose nano is anchored in the fibre matrix, i.e. when the fibre is pre-treated and dyed with direct dyes. Improved colour strength with good resistance towards soaping is obtained after treatment of fabrics with nano cellulose.

Polyamide/elastane knitted fabrics with directionally oriented compressive ability was studied. Knitting designs with coursewise, diagonal, walewise, and both coursewise and walewise compressive orientations were created and analysed at four different angles (0º, +45º, -45º and 90º) and up to 50% elongation. At the same stretching and same direction (angle), the tensile force was higher for samples from Serie B (only the elastane was producing miss stitches) than for samples from Serie A (polyamide and elastane yarns were simultaneously producing miss stitches), in most of the cases. There are higher differences between tensile force values of samples from Serie B with the different number of miss stitches, however, very little difference in tensile force values is seen between samples from Serie A with the different number of miss stitches, in most of the cases. Also the tensile force is the highest when samples from Serie B with walewise compressive orientation are stretched at 90º direction, the tensile force value was two times and half higher than that of the same compressive orientation but from Serie A. At 0º direction, the force values of the samples with coursewise compressive orientation from Serie A were higher than that of samples from Serie B due to miss loops force orientation. At the +45º and -45º directions, the force values of the two Series are similar, showing that the designs and the yarns used are less important due to force orientation. Fabrics with diagonal compressive orientation have force values similar among each sample, in all four directions, the diagonal structure enables the control of fabric anisotropy. The prediction of force values in relation to the number of miss stitches sequences and in relation to the different angles are made using regression model. This analysis helps engineer compressive devices with adjustable and directionally oriented stretch structures.

In carding different organs revolved at different speed which was impact on sliver quality. Fiber opened with blow room fed to Card in the small tuft form and furthers it open again and individualization of fiber takes place in between cylinder and flats, finally fibers were converted into sliver form. In order to obtain better sliver quality the setting parameters of card and machinery condition plays important role, small deviation in machine setting parameter and speeds leads to produce inferior sliver quality The Neps is a undesirable factor which reduce the quality of the yarn and ultimately reduces the cost of the final products, In order to reduce the neps and improvement in card sliver quality an experiment trials were conducted at carding on DK760 Trutzschler card by changing setting of cylinder and flat, cylinder to doffer respectively. Carded material processed separately till Ring frame stage for 24.60 Tex (24 Ne), to determine yarn quality in spinning, adopted for large-scale working in spinning department

Purpose: This paper considers a novel solution to one of the key problems in modern mechanical engineering – the modeling of modern manufacturing systems in the field of mechanical engineering. Design/methodology/approach: This article considers the choice of the model type of manufacturing systems. It is shown that from systemology’s perspective, all existing models are divided into imitating (replicating) and optimizing models, while the problem of designing manufacturing systems belongs to the class of semi-structured problems. Therefore, at the macro-designing stage it is expedient to use optimizing models, rather than the imitating ones.
Findings and originality/value: This paper gives a broad definition of the technological process as a set of actions for constructing a product, designing the technological process for a sequence of shaping products and manufacturing. It defines production flexibility and the adaptation of the manufacturing system to changes in conditions.
Originality/value: These solutions can be used in such fields of science and technology as automation in manufacturing, computer aided design (CAD) and modeling (CAM), computer aided engineering analysis, flexible manufacturing systems, flexible automation and production engineering.

The paper provides comparison of properties of 100% cotton yarn with those of two cotton-polyester blended yarns of 50/50 and 20/80 blend ratios. In this regard three types of yarns (i.e. 100% cotton, 50/50 and 20/80 cottonpolyester blends) were produced in the ring frame and for each type two different counts (30 Ne and 40 Ne) were produced. The blending was carried out in the draw frame. During processing, the settings and parameters e.g. spindle speed and twist multiplier were adjusted for optimum performance. After production at each stage (i.e. D/F, Simplex and Ring) samples of draw frame slivers, rovings and yarns were collected and investigated. The properties that were investigated were count, yarn faults, yarn irregularity as U% and strength as CSP. The study shows that, in ring frame it was possible to maintain higher spindle speed and lower twist multiplier for 50/50 and 20/80 blended yarns than 100% cotton yarn. Between 50/50 and 20/80 blended yarns, it possible to maintain higher spindle speed and lower twist multiplier for 20/80 blend than 50/50 bend. It was observed in all cases that as the percentage of polyester increase the U% i.e. the irregularity in the sliver/yarn decreases. It was also observed that yarn faults (IPI) decreased with the increase of % of polyester in the yarns. The yarn strength of 50/50 and 20/80 blended yarns was higher than that of 100% cotton and strength of 20/80 was higher than that 50/50 blended yarn.

A novel UV-Vis. spectrophotometric detection system is introduced for speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) via interaction with a new micro-emulsion generated between a sweet crude oil as nonpolar phase, H2O as polar phase and C2F4 (R22) gas as disperser. This micro-emulsion is selective for Cr detection and determination via observation of absorption peak at 578 nm wavelength. Determination of Cr is achieved under optimized conditions such as 3.0 mL of sweet crude oil/R22/water with mole fractions of 0.2, 0.2 and 0.6, respectively at 25°C and pH ~7.0. For Cr speciation, Cr(III) is detected via directly interaction with the synthesized micro-emulsion. Whereas Cr(VI) is detected via difference between total Cr and Cr(III) during reduction using 0.055 g of S2O32- as reducing agent. Relative standard deviation for at least 5 replicate analyses is 1.73%. Reliability of the method has also been evaluated via determination of Cr in some wastewater samples.