Journal de génie civil et environnemental

Traditionally, collapse potential was estimated by using non-deteriorating systems in order to predict the Engineering Demand Parameters (EDPs) and assigning judgment limits for these parameters. Recently, the deteriorating systems have been used for estimation of collapse but still based on pre-established EDPs limits. However, EDPs become very sensitive when the system is very near to collapse, and small disturbance of the input creates great variations in the response. In the earthquake engineering, the concept of global collapse denotes the lack of ability of a structural system for bearing the gravity loads in exposing the seismic excitation. In the earthquake engineering the concept of collapse denotes the lack of ability of a structural system or a part of it, for bearing the gravity load-carrying capacity under the seismic excitation. Collapse can be local or global; the local collapse can for example happen when a vertical load-carrying component is not successful in compression or when shear transfer is missed between the vertical and horizontal components (for instance shear failure between a column and a flat slab). But global collapse may have several reasons. The transference of a primary local failure from each component to another one can lead to progressive or cascading collapse. In this sturdy, try to investigate the different parts of collapse assessment methods to understand and quantify the effects and to develop nonlinear deteriorating component models which could duplicate the experimental results. P-Δ, degrading hysteretic model, and expected spectral shape effect on collapse methods assess the structural collapse capacity by nonlinear dynamic analysis occurs in case of ground motions selection and scaling for the analysis.

Ferrocement is another form of reinforced concrete in which the cement mortar is reinforced with closely spaced layers of continuous and relatively small diameter wire mesh. Early applications of Ferrocement have been to building of boats. Its application to terrestrial structures started much later. The experimental investigation includes casting and testing of 24 rectangular beams and 8 cubes. The specimens were divided into eight series; A to H according to the volume fraction of reinforcement, compressive strength of the mortar, and amount of reinforcement was varied in Series A to H by varying the number of layers of wire mesh. Specimens in these series were symmetrically reinforced with 4, 6, 8 and 10 layers of wire mesh, respectively, and were lumped together near each face with a clear cover of 5 mm. Series E and F were identical to Series D except for the compressive strength of the mortar. The remaining two Series G and H were also identical to Series D, but the amount of reinforcement near the compression face was different. While the specimens in Series H were provided with two layers of wire mesh, those in Series G contained no reinforcement near the compression face. The parameter investigated in each series was the shear-span-to -depth ratio a/h, which was achieved by varying the shear span to overall depth ratio from 1 to 2 at increments of 0.5 for the sake of simplicity since several reinforcement layers were involved.

The method of Laplace Adomain Decomposition has been used to obtain a semi-analytical solution of the threedimensional steady state advection diffusion equation for dispersion of air pollutant from a point source. The present treatment takes into account a realistic boundary condition which considers the ground surface as an absorberreflector surface for the pollutant, simultaneously. This physical consideration is achieved by assuming that the vertical eddy diffusivity coefficient should be non-zero at the ground surface for vertical diffusion to be possible. The wind prevailing speed is parameterized in terms of vertical height using the power law profile. An upper boundary condition assuming capping inversion is considered which means that pollutant is subjected to a boundary Condition of zero flux. The present model calculations are compared with the available data of the atmospheric dispersion experiments that were carried out in the Copenhagen area (Denmark) and the semi-empirical model for Gaussian plume model with the same input data. In both comparison tasks, the results are reasonably good which indicates that the present treatment performs well as a simple analytical dispersion model.

wastewater treatment plants in Egypt, since the amount of sludge produced every year in Egypt are about “4 Million ton “, this amount of sludge is considered a big/dangerous problem which facing Egypt today. Thus, all over the world the researchers are trying to explore a new and suitable way to solve the sludge huge amount which produced from the WWTPs. One track of these solutions is to use sewage sludge in Construction field” concrete mixtures and in manufacturing interlock brick samples’’, evaluated the reuse of sewage sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants in a mixture with cement and to develop new construction materials. According to results findings, no significant strength loss was observed when using the dry or wet sludge with different percentages from the cement weight, in which the strength loss was increased to 63.7% after 7-days and 61.6% after 28-day for dry and for wet 73.4% after 7-days and 68.5% after 28-days when 20% of wet and dry sludge pellets by cement weight was added to concrete mixture. The results showed that the wet sludge retarded the strength development and has more adverse effect on compressive strength than the other dry sludge for the same percentage as the average strength loss after 28-days for wet percentages approximate about 13.76% and for dry sludge approximate about 7.73%. Finally the study concluded that the dry and wet sludge can be used in as an additive to concrete mixtures till 15% form cement weight as one of the available disposal options for Egypt sludge. The study recommended that more researches are needed to evaluate the durability of sludge concrete and the behavior of reinforced sludge concrete.

Geotechnical and geo-environmental engineering applications currently being explored through bio mineralization process include cementation of sands to improve mechanical properties and hence, to enhance bearing capacity and liquefaction resistance, sequestration of carbon, soil erosion control via surficial stabilization, groundwater flow control and remediation of soil and groundwater impacted by metals and radionuclides. Bio mediated system broadly refers to a chemical reaction series that are managed and controlled through biological activities and byproducts resulting from those reactions alter the properties of material in the system. Bio mediated methods such as microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP), biofilm formation, biogas generation and biopolymers have been developed by injecting or stimulating microbes. MICP is the most widely explored method. Microbes having urease activity enhance the hydrolysis of urea and it helps to control the pH and to precipitate carbonate. Although it is a widely explored bio mediated method it has some disadvantages. The plant-derived urease may offer many benefits over microbial urease to induce carbonate cementation. Therefore, it is advantageous to explore the knowledge regarding such a technique as an eco-friendly method for different applications in the fields of geoenvironmental/geotechnical Engineering. The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the importance of plant-derived urease for different applications in the fields of geoenvironmental/ geotechnical engineering. The information presented in this paper may be important for biotechnologists/geoengineers to have wide ranging updates on the current situation.

This paper describes the impact of polluted river water on ground water of agricultural area and its suitability for irrigation. In this study seven villages were selected for investigating river and groundwater contamination. Hence 11 river and 54 well water samples were obtained from either side of Kham River. Pollution by TDS, Cl, NO3, Ca, Mg, and Na in 22 river water sample during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period was observed. 6 groundwater sample during pre-monsoon period and 8 well water samples during post-monsoon period have NO3 concentration more than 45 mg/lit as per Indian Irrigation and drinking water standard. The suitability of river and groundwater for irrigation was determined on the basis of chemical indices like Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Soluble Sodium percentage (SSP), Kelly’s ratio (KR). IS 11624:1986 and analytical data plotted on US salinity diagram illustrates that, 22 river water samples during pre-monsoon and post monsoon period are having SAR above 26 and EC above 6000 micromhos/ cm. This suggests that river water is unsuitable for irrigation. 6, 13 groundwater samples along left and right bank of Kham river respectively have SAR between 18 to 26 and EC 3000 to 6000 micromhos/cm. Such water when used for irrigation decreases soil solution capacity and irrigated water is not available to plant even though soil appears wet. A statistical correlation was attempted on above mentioned water quality parameter. River and groundwater sample analysis shows increased concentration of sodium, calcium, magnesium, nitrate and chloride which indicates the influence of domestic and industrial effluent on river and groundwater hydrochemistry in village Waluj, Patoda, Naigaon, Valdgaon of Aurangabad and Gangapur taluka. This was clarified in Spatial relationship between river water and groundwater.

The coastline of Hammamlif is an area characterized by a flooding problem due to the heavy rain and the wave run up phenomenon. This flooding phenomenon is made worse by both an intense urbanization and the badly designed unitary-type sewerage networks which drain rain water and waste water at the same time. These networks, now silted and overburdened, are not able to carry off water. Hammamlif wave is characterized by a run up in the order of 2.50 m (Doctoral thesis, Abir Baklouti). This value causes a major problem for the low zone of the area. The suggested solutions according to our study are to strengthen the drainage networks and even the construction of a new water purification station and the removal of the existing breakwaters because they are badly designed. Instead, we should apply an artificialy recharged beach and the solution of a submerged geotextile artificial reef to fight against wave action in the area. Applying these major solutions requires a geotechnical study of the Hammamlif area which is the subject matter of this paper. This article aims to present the geotechnical study of the site to come out with specific recommendations on the reserved land to be used as support for future studies and provide various foundation designs for different structures planned in the Hammamlif area.

The quality of water is usually strongly considered as criteria for its suitability for a purpose. Important physical, chemical and bacteriological properties form the basis to judge the quality of water. To determine whether a particular water sample is of acceptable quality for drinking, it is necessary to compare its properties with the regulatory limits of certain well known and accepted standards set by organizations like World Health Organization, US Environmental Protection Agency, Nigeria International Standards etc. The focus of this project is to investigate the extent of contaminants in the available water sources and the causative agents in Ogbomoso North and South Metropolis. 100 water samples were collected through an evenly spread sample point positioning system across the study area, to give an averagely accurate analysis of the result. The Physical properties like Temperature, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids; Chemical parameters like Heavy metal concentration and Bacteriological parameters like E-Coli and T-Coli coliform count were analysed and the results were compared with regulatory limits. From the results derived, the physical parameters of tested water samples fall within the WHO standard limits. However, water samples in Ogbomoso North and South Local Government Area contain E-Coli and T-Coli concentration that exceeds the WHO standard of 0 MPN/ 100ml. Wards like Ilogbo (Papa Abede) and Ilogbo/ Arada were found to contain high concentration of Iron that exceeds the acceptable 1 mg/l limit due to the presence of a number of dumpsites and light industries. Phosphate concentration in all water samples tested exceeded the WHO and NIS standard of 5 mg/l, which is as a result of uncontrolled septic waste and fertilizer run-off. The concentration of Manganese in all water samples across the study area also exceeded the 0.2 mg/l WHO and NIS standard for potable water as a result of the unchecked Industrial activities and vehicle emission in the area. Other areas with significant pollution cases especially Sulphate concentration that exceeds the WHO regulatory limit of 250 mg/l in water samples include Osupa and Jagun, this can be attributed to the number of the dumping sites present and action of leachates in the areas. The resulting health implication of these findings was discussed. A water quality map was developed to show the varying concentration of water properties across Ogbomoso North and South Local Government Area. The study suggests waste control activities be adopted in the study area and public enlightenment schemes to protect water sources in the area, as the task of reducing the extent of contaminants in water sources in Ogbomoso North and South LGA requires the effort of the residents, government and relative organizations.