Journal de l'économie mondiale

Due to the wide application of bismuth in various industries and the environmental effects of its release in water and soil resources, the necessity of measuring its small amounts becomes apparent. Various decomposition methods such as electrochemical systems, molecular spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectroscopy and ICP can be used to measure bismuth. In this study, 18 analytical measurement methods were evaluated in terms of economic, environmental, feasibility, measurement speed and accuracy. In this study, the Technique for Older-Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) decision-making method was employed to analyze and prioritize different options. The results showed the implementation of molecular spectrophotometric systems such as color change, methylene blue-bismuth and ionic complex of iodide-bismuth absorption and atomic absorption spectroscopic methods in terms of economic, environmental and operational indicators score higher than other methods and are the basis of industrial selection and environmental assessments.

The main purpose of this study is to use the theory of planned behavior to investigate the impact of personal characteristics in the field of finance, including financial optimism, understanding of financial access, financial self-esteem and excessive financial confidence about students' entrepreneurial intention of University of Tehran. In order to conduct this research, 294 graduate students of the Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran were selected as the statistical population by stratified sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data and PLS software was used to analyze the collected data. The results showed that a set of personal characteristics in the field of finance, including financial optimism, understanding of financial access, financial self-esteem and excessive self-confidence in the field of finance, affect the entrepreneurial intention of students in the Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran. It is positive and meaningful. On the other hand, the role of gender adjustment was not confirmed and showed no effect on the relationship between any of the studied variables and students' entrepreneurial intent; In addition, the findings of this study indicate that the entrepreneurial experience has a positive and significant effect on students' entrepreneurial intentions.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of consumption (consumer spending) on economic growth, based on 222 countries/ territories in the world, while the effect of other variables that are also assumed to affect economic growth is statistically controlled. The four factors (patterns) of economic growth identified are as follows:

• Factor 1: Consumption-driven economy

• Factor 2: Savings-based

• Factor 3: Oil-resource based

• Factor 4: Government-spending

Empirical evidence shows the predominance of the consumption-driven economy in affecting economic growth across the world, whether developing or developed. Eight variables were found to be significantly loaded in the pattern of the consumption driven economy: consumption, globalization, economic freedom, knowledge economy, global competitiveness, corruption, foreign direct investment, and economic growth. This means the consumption driven economy affects economic growth in multiple ways.

Since 1998-2011 of 22 August 1998 Algeria has invested more than ever in political, legal, financial and human resources to promote scientific research and technological development, and its corollary innovation, however two decades passed without concrete results. is it an input problem? or is it a malfunction of the black box program (innovation system)?