Revue des arts et des sciences sociales

Continuing our discussion regarding political counsel in the history of political thought, there is a problem of futurology concerning good governance without accurate predictions when science recedes into mere metaphysics, and so counsel must occupy the clock tower, like the hilltop. When our science is still coming to an order, then we rely on fictional devices in political rhetoric. We must guard against those whom blame us for fictitious prose; as Aristotle reminds, without sight one cannot pass a judgement. Dialectics is an educational method used by political theorists, and to keep vivacity we will apply the story-telling of Plato the dialogian and Niccolo Machiavelli the Classicist. Dialogue is a fictional form of dialectics and Classical story-telling, though not classified in dialectics according to Aristotle, is an invention necessary to the student of doing. Plato once said, the tale has a truth to tell. As contestants we will need to choose a terrain to hunt on. This strategic inquiry consists of rational choice theory from Machiavelli’s beaten path in Ch. 6 of The Prince, Plato’s roads in his Laws, from Hesiod’s Works and Days, and some foresight regarding their problems of futurology in rational choice theory and consultancy.

The purpose of this article is to provide a current understanding of the Canadian electoral politics crisis of 2016. This study in Canadian party politics is justified by the 2008 Canadian federal election results, which was the lowest in Canadian history, only 58.8% of eligible Canadians voted. It is a primitive of an electoral democracy to have a healthy voter turnout, since voters tend to be the ones shaping policy. If the crisis at stake is ignored, then this is an indication that Canada’s electoral system is at risk, as the lesser the voter turnout, the lesser the political equality of a country. This research demonstrates that Canadian political parties and the provincial and federal government of Canada should institute publicly funded post-secondary education, proportional representation (PR), and other mechanisms to increase voter turnout. The methods used in this examination include categorical analyses, a comparative case study, media analyses, statistical analyses, and dialectic. The results of this essay underline the role of Canadian political parties in the electoral crisis, and suggest that there is opportunity for Canadian political parties to win positions of power by increasing equality, and thereby the voter turnout, in Canada

Despite the worsening of the housing crisis in North America — the Canadian and US federal governments refuse to discuss the issue in any meaningful way. Still, this crisis deserves special attention, so what have authors said about the matter? Constantine Kontokosta and Alan Walks and Brian Clifford provide compelling arguments on housing policy and political economics. The former employs a comparative analysis of regional and local governments in America, and the latter uses a descriptive case study to ascertain Canada’s federal management of the housing market. Furthermore, we argue that no single research method suffices; instead, political scientists should balance their approaches to create a comprehensive methodology. Such a methodology provides insightful findings while ensuring an argument’s intelligibility and measurement validity. This thesis may be overdone, but its very truth and importance call for an inquiry. As severe as the housing crisis is, political scientists expect a well-rounded methodology. Hence, to test this argument, Kontokosta and Walks and Clifford make for a good comparison. To this end, we summarize and compare the above two articles. They both use case studies; however, Kontokosta couples his with statistical analysis and Walks and Clifford develop their argument with document analysis: the former’s case study is selective, the latter’s is comprehensive. Both studies’ methodological strength lies in their insights, unearthing successes and failures in the recent history of housing policy.

It is a weird phenomenon that the ability of reproduction of human being, with which the human being could exist and prolong, could potentially become the ultimate killer of mankind. If the present population doubling time could not be properly controlled, the “reproduction” will go to the opposite, “perishing” or “extinction”. Gao’s equation: E=7B244 would lead the weight of entire human population equal to the weight of the Earth. The multiplication of population will lead to the doomsday around the A. D. 3552 or earlier. The time needed to cover all the surface of the Earth with human bodies will be much earlier than A. D. 3552. Samples of people occupying the limited lands had appeared in many real life situations like pilgrims in Mecca. That is the prelude of the condition of doomsday of the world. The ultimate longevity of whole human being could not simply base on individuals’ tactics of personal health and longevity. But, It needs to promote Homo Sapiensism, which considers the highest benefit of whole mankind instead of single nation’s benefit. It is a higher level than patriotism. Unfortunately, almost no any current presidents, or, kings/queens of various countries, who stopped at patriotism stage, can be qualified to lead the world. So, it is an urgent project to establish a World Leader Education Institute to produce future global leaders to prolong the longevity of whole human being and reduce the speed towards doomsday.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the effectiveness of pair work on students of different proficiency levels. Twenty Saudi female students, attending secondary school, have participated in the study Ten of them were high proficiency level (H) and ten were low proficiency level (L). Each participant was engaged in a speaking task twice; once with a partner of the same level and once with a partner of the opposite level. All tasks were audio recorded and transcribed. Results of the amount of the LREs and language practice revealed that, heterogeneous paring is effective in the multi-level classrooms

For child proper emotional maturity, mother and father’s love and affection are essential requirements for child’s emotional stability; children have certain emotional needs that have to be catered for if they have to gain emotional stability. It can be noted that children brought up in a home devoid of love and care most times grow up with unwanted characters in the society. This paper reviews the research literature on the effects of family relationship on student academic performance with special reference to MFR (Mother-Father Relationship). The study is a developmental study that takes into account the social trends and economic conditions in predictions to the future status of a family as a block. The results first present how MFR variable correlate with academic performance of students before tackling the general constructs described in the literature. At the end of this review, the finding results have been discussed in light of the different effects of mother-father relationship on child academic performance.

Kenya can reorient itself towards sustainable development, using technical education as a vehicle for socioeconomic and technological transformation. The skills development is important for economic growth, poverty alleviation, youth and women’s empowerment and social inclusion. Rwanda has the highest enrollment in technical subjects at the secondary level (35%), followed by Tanzania (13%) and South Africa (5.8%). Sub- Saharan Africa (6.1%) and South and West Asia (1.2%) have little room for Technical education at the post-primary school level. Given the above, it is a matter of concern that Africa lags behind the rest of the world in technology and still it continues to pay little attention to technical education and technological research. This therefore poses the need for this current study as to the factors militating inclusion of Home Economics studies in secondary schools. In line with the foregoing, the purpose of this study was to determine the factors militating inclusion of Home Economics studies in secondary schools in Kenya. The study objectives were: to determine student related factors influencing inclusion of home economics in secondary schools in Kenya and to establish teacher related factors influencing inclusion of home economics in secondary schools in Kenya. The researcher in this study adopted a descriptive survey design and used questionnaires to gather information. The sample size comprised 100 respondents whereby 80 were students while the Home Economics teachers were 20. The Home Economics teachers of the participating schools were purposely selected. The researcher used both qualitative and quantitative method of data analysis and the findings were presented by use of frequency tables. The study concluded that lack of adequate facilities and finances were common problems facing the schools that teach the subject. On the other hand, most of the girls’ secondary schools were well established in the teaching of the subject while the mixed and boys secondary schools started teaching the subject with the implementation of the 8-4-4 system of education. Schools with adequate facilities enrolled a larger number of students. It is also important to note that student enrolment in Home Economics subject is not stable. The study recommended that more males should be encouraged to join home economics profession especially in Diploma Teacher Training Colleges and at the University level. Once they qualify and start teaching in secondary schools, more boys will be encouraged to choose the subject as well and thus some of the negative attitude towards Home Science would change.

An ideal and successful ruler is one who, to make his kingdom a peaceful State, established strong, organized and durable institutions. State institutions or pillars are considered the backbone in stability of the State. Three pillars or institutions, which are necessary for an organized as well as everlasting government and better economy, are legislature, executive and judiciary. Without empowering these institutions, governmental system cannot run for a long time. Though Ranjit Singh, due to his power, intelligence and great struggle, founded a glorious dynasty, yet he failed to form these basic institutions properly. It is a fact that only institutions run the government not men because personalities come and go whilst the institutions exist. It is also true that these institutions existed in any shape, but they were totally under the control of the Maharaja. Judicial courts were established, but they were not only under the direct control of the Maharaja but also too weak to work. Besides a central court, every province had a big legal court under the governor. Similarly, some other small courts were established in every Pargna where Kardars, Chaudharys and Punch settled the disputes of the native people. Sometimes, the governor could alter the decision of these authorities whilst the Maharaja had a right to modify governor’s decisions. Strict punishments were not exercised on dangerous crimes which created law and order situation. To ignore the bad financial condition of the subjects, he invented and introduced innovative procedures for collecting revenue and no proper arrangements were made for the betterment of the masses. The main purpose of collecting revenue was to pay the salary of the army and fulfil other requirements so that the aim of expansionism could be achieved. There was not any check and balance on Kardars and they were free to collect revenue in accordance with their desires. At a time, they were given the powers of a judge, a revenue collector as well as an administrator.

The present study was conducted to probe the role of physical attractiveness in mate selection among educated females of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Data for the study were collected through pre-tested questionnaire from 278 sampled working women from three public sector universities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa i.e. The University of Agriculture, University of Peshawar and Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar. Results reveal that the females principally preferred well dressed, tall, broad shoulder, clean shaved, fair colored and physically attractive males with the same age and living in nuclear families. At the same time, there was a strong tendency of females towards westernization and materialistic values regarding mate selection. Despite emphasizing on physical characteristics, the females were also less concerned about physical appearance. A very large majority preferred economically sound intelligent man who have good job. The study recommends that an awareness campaign through mass media, religious leaders, civil society and political parties’ needs to launch to inform both the educated and uneducated females and their parents about the nature and impact of religious misinterpretations, western values, materialistic outlook and idealism affected the mate selection decision mainly.

This study has tried to inspect the determinants and working conditions of child labour in automobile workshops of Tehkal market, Peshawar (KP). Detailed descriptive analysis and multivariate analysis is undertaken to analyze the data and report findings. The results depicts that child labour in the area is a multifaceted phenomenon. Most of the children leave their schools to learn working skills for future employment security. Majority of the sampled children contribute more than 60 percent to family’s income. Most of the children has father alive and live in rental houses with their parents. More than half of the children report physical health and drug addiction problem of their fathers. The data further divulge that only 1 percent of the children are the sole bread earners of their families. The working condition of the automobile workshops is hazardous with no basic facilities. Nearly 85 percent of the children reported punishment at work place by underpaying their salaries followed by physical abuse. The multivariate analysis illustrates that low household income, literacy level, profession, household size, and paternal physical health are the major factors of child labour. The coefficients of all the variables are significant and having correct theoretical signs predicting that these variables greatly influences the wage per hour of the child.

Land as fundamental livelihood asset on which other activities (shelter, food production, etc.) depend on, should be governed and managed in a framework that treated people (all) as key actors with right to access, use and control over. Therefore the necessity of land administration became a cornerstone and has become a large pipe by which financial movements flow to and from. The purpose of this paper was to examine whether the new land policy in Rwanda was implemented in both rural and peri-urban areas in respect of right-based principles. Through a mini field work it was revealed that in the process of implementing its newly adopted land policy, Rwanda might have run a long distance in a short period of time to achieve a course of action that would have taken long in normal situation. Non-discrimination and equality was the most successfully achieved principle. The policy made it clear that both man and woman have all equal right to land. It was noted that the issue of land grabbing and other disputes have reduced. In case of expropriation, landholders trust leaders. In the rural area, local people haven’t yet caught economic benefits of land registration and titling. Land is still honorific and prestigious asset for most of rural residents. The implementation of land policy shows no sign that rural communities were empowered on how land right could lead to a variety of economic opportunities. Both peri-urban and rural areas do not face same challenges. In rural area, right-based principles were applied, but the extent tends to diminish compared to peri-urban one.

This study examined the impacts of in-service professional development activities on the academic performance of students in Nigerian secondary schools, using secondary schools in Lagos, a state in Nigeria as a case study. The outcomes of this study revealed that relevant, very objective and well designed in-service professional development of teachers promote effective instructional tasks delivery of teachers, which lead to better academic performance in internal and external examinations.
In-service professional development is important to quality education; it equips teachers (through seminars, workshops, conferences, mentorship and other activities) with relevant, current and effective knowledge, skills, values and attitudes that promote academic excellence in teaching and learning in school system. These activities (if well designed) improved teaching skills of participating teachers and ensure better academic performance of the learners.
This paper, therefore recommends variety of well designed, purposeful, relevant, learner-centred teaching skills and regular professional development structures for all teachers to promote quality education and excellent performance in learners’ academic.
A Learner-Centred In-Service Professional Development Model (LIPD) was also designed for the effective professional development of teachers in this study. A model that will make in-service professional development of teachers to be functional to teaching and learning in schools.

The 1995 FDRE Constitution establishes an ethnic based federal state structure. The new political system recognizes the fundamental rights and freedoms of the Ethiopian Nations, Nationalities and Peoples to exercise the right to self-determination up to and including secession and other identity related rights as solutions to the earlier unequal relationships among ethno-national groups in the country. With that in mind, this paper has four main parts. First, it states the constitutional recognition of ethnic groups under the constitution. In the second part, an attempt will be made to examine the rights that help to preserve separate identity and related right in the FDRE constitution. Third, it analyzes the challenges and problems to exercise the rights entitle to separate identity in the perspective of ethnic federalism in Ethiopia. Fourth, it attempts to speculate on its future prospects. And finally, it concludes by summarizing the main points of all sections.

This study examines the relations between the University and State (political power) with a particular reference of Addis Ababa University under the three successive regimes. Methodologically, the study employed qualitative methodological approach and case study research design. Accordingly, the study has used both primary and secondary sources of data in which primary data were gathered through key informant interviews while secondary data were collected from books, journal articles, reports and institutional website sources. In view of that, the study employed qualitative methods of data analysis particularly document analysis and descriptive narrative. The finding of the study shows that there exist a complex, even sometimes a destructive, and in certain cases a hostile relation between the University (Addis Ababa University) and the State which is an element of continuity. The study identifies that the university-State relation under the three regimes have followed a top-down approach with a different degree. Though each supplies the other, their relations remain suspicious. On the one hand, the university contributes to the socio-economic and political development of the State by producing manpower while the State provides fund. On the other hand, the university, throughout the three regimes, has always been a source of resistance, protest, and even revolution and armed struggle. This is common to all the three regimes. As a response, all the three regimes have responded violently though with different. The study has come up with the reasons that cause the relations between the university and the State uncertain and suspicious. This includes absence of institutional autonomy and academic freedom, State interference, State dominance of the administration of university and the political orientation of each regime. This study, therefore, calls that unless the top down model of relations between the university and the State is not revised, and institutional autonomy granted, it would be the norm to have tense relations between them. Thus, it would be paramount to have a culture of interdependence in their future relations.