Revue des arts et des sciences sociales

The present study about “Constraints of rural livelihood with reference of services providers and rural female in Mansehra” was conducted with objectives to determine the constraints of rural livelihood and the role of services providers i.e. government and NGOs and the rural female in enhancing rural livelihood. A sample size 210 respondents out of 460 was selected through random sampling procedure. The study concluded that a highly significant association was found between rural livelihood and finance is the core problem for all categories of entrepreneurs in rural areas was found highly significant (p=0.000), poor health issues block sustainability of rural livelihood (p=0.000), prevalence of diseases in livestock and crops contribute income decline in rural areas (p=0.003), marketing problem is a major obstacle in rural economy production (p=0.003), land shortage affects rural economy (p=0.005) and rural livelihoods affect adversely by any kind of shock (p=0.007) while Illiteracy affects negatively sustainability of rural livelihood (p=0.014), conflict leads decline in rural livelihoods (p=0.021). In addition, highly significant relationship was found (p=0.000) between rural livelihood and through NGOs efforts people adopted ability for livelihood choices. Moreover, skill development training on male side contributed good results in enhancing livelihood (p=0.018), microfinance service of government/NGOs plays a pivotal role in the development of rural economy (p=0.031),through rural livelihood programs, the NGO is promoting livelihood and food security activities (p=0.025), protective interventions are considered vital to facilitating livelihood recovery (p=0.016) and between livelihood promotion through irrigation development and introducing of productive yield is a good step by the government (p=0.024) had significant relation with rural livelihood. Furthermore, significant relation was found between absence of basic livelihood assets for female makes unstable livelihood (p=0.003), kitchen gardening, poultry and livestock rearing are major livelihood activities of rural female (p=0.004), female make contribution to run livelihood system to contribute household expenses (p=0.029) and rural livelihood. In light of the study it was suggested to policy makers to provide assistance in term of material and capacity building i.e. easy credit system, agriculture, livestock, health, illiteracy interventions and NGOs and rural female participation in sustaining rural livelihood to minimize the risk of rural livelihood vulnerability.

A number of works have been done by scholars on the study and interpretation of Audre Lorde’s poems, especially through the lens of literary and critical analysis. However, Lorde’s poems have not been analyzed pragmatically. A lot may have been written about Lorde’s poetry, but there is absolutely no evidence of a pragmatics study of her work. Lorde is the author of many poems that have been studied in various theoretical dimensions, but none have been done with reference to their pragmatics implications. The problem which this research recognizes, therefore, is that Lorde’s poems, especially the those under the present study, have not been studied and interpreted using Grice’s theory of Conversational Implicature (Cooperative Principle) which comprised the four maxims: the maxims of Quantity, Quality, Manner and Relation. This study seeks to discover the extent to which these maxims could be applied to the reading of these selected poems of Lorde. It also seeks to ascertain the degree to which Lorde’s selected poems violate or adhere to these maxims. The study has found that Audre Lorde in some of her poems, violates the maxims as well as adheres to it both in the same breath.

This paper attempts to look at and analyse the role of institutions within the context of three trajectoriesinstitutions, African Development and patrimonial governance in Nigeria. The first refers to the various institutions put in place to sustain the state and the current democratic governance in Nigeria; the second refers to the functions of the state and the political elites in African Development drawing from the Nigeria’s experience; and the third refers to the patrimonial governance in Nigeria across regimes and its effect on Nigeria’s institutional development. Therefore, an analysis of the institutions and patrimonial governance in Nigeria’s development is made; options to strengthen institutions are explored and opinions on the way forward are offered.

In is evident that the technology has become the key to a new world of education, where lectures are delivered and accessed without the time and distance boundaries. However, e-learning is more than just posting static or interactive material, or recording live sessions through the Learning Management Systems (LMS). While this may reduce cost and attract some learners, it may provide very little to some other learners. This study investigates the factors that could influence the online learner’s attitudes towards resuming learning via the different models. There are many models of instructional design being used by different institution, and this research does not evaluate a specific model, and the LMS is used as a general concept. The study model was initially developed, which contained seven constructs, and a questionnaire was made up of the seven constructs, and distributed among online learners community. Using the responses of 387 learners, this research finds that all of the hypotheses are confirmed except for one. The decision to resume an online degree program found to be effected by the gained knowledge, the course content quality, and the use of suitable and proper course delivery medium (interactive material, audio, and presentations, recording live sessions). The data analysis indicates that the existence of suitable search options, the availability of appropriate relevant material, and a user friendly interface, are critical factors.

India’s connections with Bangladesh are human advancement, social, social and financial. There is much that joins the two nations-a mutual history and normal legacy, semantic and social ties, energy for music, writing and expressions of the human experience. With Bangladesh, India shares not just a typical history of battle for flexibility and freedom yet in addition continuing sentiments of both friendly and additionally familial ties. This shared trait is reflected in multi-dimensional relations with Bangladesh at a few levels of association. The two countries need to experience an adjustment in outlook, especially at the political level. There is a requirement for more noteworthy comprehension, exchange, discretion, provincial participation and less impedance in each other’s interior undertakings. While it might be anything but difficult to just rundown these issues, conquering them would be troublesome, chiefly because of the general geopolitical impulses, the chronicled heritage, and the common question in the locale. This paper will examine some recent trends, as well as explore a possible framework for the future direction of India-Bangladesh relations.

Wheat is an essential part of meal from poor to rich families. However, comparing its neighboring countries, Pakistan could not perform impressively in the production of wheat. Lack of knowledge on the part of farmers about land preparation, irrigation application, pest and disease control and fertilizer application were the major hindering factor to meet the potential yield of wheat. Therefore, public and private sector provided many training programmes to enhance wheat production. The present study was conducted in tehsil Nankana Sahib. A sample of 110 respondents was taken conveniently who had received different trainings regarding wheat production. The collected data was analyzed with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to derive conclusions and formulate recommendations. Majority of the respondents (74%) reported that their knowledge and skills had improved after getting training about the production technology of the wheat crop. There should be adequate material and well-trained extension field staff to educate the farmer.

The effectiveness of decision making is a pivotal in the cooperative institution, the question of who should make decisions is by protocol vested to members. This paper is dedicated to on the assessing the tragedy of decision making structure in the cooperative, guided by objectives which are; to determine the structure of decision making and governance, assessing the effectiveness of the co-operative structure in decision and assess the effectiveness of the feedback system in agricultural marketing co-operatives in Tanzania. The study draws evidence from the selected agricultural marketing cooperative in Shinyanga; there the case study design was employed. The findings revealed that; member decision is hijacked by external drive who controls the cooperatives, meeting are called by either unions or cooperative officers that indicates, it is not from members wishes. And the cooperatives lacks feedback mechanism to feed members on the decision made, that brings gap between management, board and members. The study concluded that, cooperative are for members but members do hold their institutions. Generally the study recommends the review of cooperative law, rules and guidelines that will reflect member ownership in decisions, also the supervisory committee be established in the primary societies to enlarge managerial accountability.

Overtime, mass media's influence evolved gradually together with the technology that carried mass mediated message; the trend of which has ultimately projected at the turn of the 21st century. The procession of new technologies and scientific breakthroughs in recent times is, however, persistent and is recounting on many fronts such as the electronic media and other forms of media, which are major tools in the transmission of information and digital content. Reacting to media development during the First and Second World War, Valdimir opined that "media is a powerful instrument which may be used for good or for ill and that, in the absence of adequate control; the latter possibility is on the more likely". It follows that the influence of media on the sexual behaviors of adolescents has increased when compared to recent years when the access of such information was quite limited and restricted. Sexual content has been made easily accessible as a result of increase in mediums which can provide this sometimes uncensored information. Media is an all-inclusive term that refers to a collection of communicatory mediums used to store or transmit information or data. Media is usually intended to inform or influence a wide range of audiences. Communication channels through which news, entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are disseminated are called media. These media includes every broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax, and, more significantly, the internet. Adolescence is a phenomenon which is referred to as the transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. In some cultures, adolescence is termed as a child physically coming of age, and acknowledged as the readiness to assume the adult roles of reproduction, parenting, and work.

Prostitution has been a long time problem in most developing countries like Fiji. This paper examines the problem of prostitution in Fiji and its socio-economic impact. It also aims to present a bigger picture in which the proliferation of prostitution is not only increasing, but there are various problems that have come up with this practice such as the risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections including HIV and violence against sex worker. The researcher discusses some few programmes and policies that will help reduce the problem of prostitution. This study employs a cross-sectional method. A face-to-face interview was conducted to 10 female participants in Nadi and Lautoka using the snowball sampling. An analysis of existing documents related to prostitution and critical review of the related literature are also utilized to gather information. Prostitution is known as the world’s oldest profession and considered as an active and profitable enterprise in the middle ages. In some countries, the legal status of prostitution may vary depending on the activity. From a review of the literature, poverty is the primary reason for the increasing number of prostitutes in Fiji and prostitution will exist as long as poverty exists. Both men and women are involved in this prostitution trade. But women are the ones who are more vulnerable to prostitution compared to men. Most studies revealed that economic need is the leading factor that influences this business. Economic exchange is also practiced between the prostitute and customer, whereby the participation by concerned parties is voluntary for pleasure but the women engaged seeks payment for her service. Other causes of prostitution in Fiji are lack of access to education, adequate housing and job opportunities. In spite of the strict implementation of laws in Fiji, prostitution is still prevalent and keeps on increasing every year.