Revue des arts et des sciences sociales

Gathering of around fifty equipped men held onto the Crimean parliament constructing and lifted the Russian banner on the housetop. In the next weeks plain faculty from Russia’s sixteenth Special Purpose Brigade, the 76th Airborne Assault Division and the Black Sea Fleet’s Marines Brigade cooperated with purported “Crimean professional Russian self-protection powers” just as Crimean units of Ukraine’s “Berkut” exceptional police to “bar and hold onto Ukrainian army installations, government structures and key foundation offices”. On March 18 the Russian Government held a service in the Kremlin to sign a settlement under which Crimea and the city of Sevastopol ended up authority Russian areas. In the month of march the final maritime ship flying the Ukrainian banner on the promontory, the minesweeper Cherkassy, was raged and caught by “minimal green men”. The following day Russian banners were raised over each of the army installations, mixes and dispatches in Sebastopol. All through the Russian task in Crimea NATO watched the occasions with concern. At that point Secretary General of NATO, Anders Fog Rasmussen, blamed Russia for directing “cross breed fighting” and Poland mentioned counsels inside the structure of Article of the Washington Treaty, which expresses that: “the gatherings will counsel at whatever point, in the supposition of any of them, the regional uprightness, political freedom, or security of any of the gatherings is undermined.

Considering some closed-loop supply chains (CLSC) gives little money to improve its operation system environmentally, an evolutionary game model of the strategy selection of the government supervision and the CLSC’s environmental investment is set up. The evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) is explored in six different circumstances, and some numerical simulation experiments are made to discover the impact of the decision parameters’ values and the two initial population rates on the ESS. The results show: (1) When there is high income from the investment, CLSCs will invest money to improve its environmental operation ability no matter whether the governments supervise or not. (2) When income from the investment is not very large, the governments need to increase the punishment and reward values, and implement some incentive policies to improve the development of environmental techniques in order to decrease the investment cost for CLSCs.

Background: The study was to elucidate seed producer cooperatives and livelihoods from gender perspective in Amhara National Regional State particularly in ten Integrated Seed Sector Development (ISSD) project sites of Bahir Dar University. In realizing the study, both qualitative (in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions) and quantitative (structured questionnaires from 200 randomly selected households) research approaches were employed to collect data. Data were analyzed through descriptive and probit model.

Results: Findings showed that the number of female-headships who involved in seed producer cooperatives was found to be very few in numbers, which accounted 14.3% in contrast with 85.7% of Male Headed Households. Though the land owning pattern between the male-headed households and female-headed households does not show variation, the other inputs like farmland size, adult labor, credit, extension, education, and saving are critical in drifting the Female Headed Households to have limited options in their livelihoods. The probit regression model analysis displayed that livelihood of household’s increases by 21%, 4.5% and 61% when there is an increase of land size, credit access and saving amount on an average, respectively.

Conclusion: Thus, female headships are less participated and less benefited in seed producer cooperatives than Male Headed Households and they need attention so as to sustain their livelihoods.